Final Exam

(I highly recommend drawing out the chain of events.)

The Goldbergia police department is trying to stop a final exam cheating ring, perpetuated mainly by John and Paul.  Members of the GPD put a recording device on John’s best friend George.  The police record a conversation in George’s home where John admits to masterminding the cheating ring.  “Imagine all the people….living life in peace,” he says of his utopian plan to rid the world of grading.  John also mentions, on the recorded conversation, that Ringo is responsible for collecting the money from students looking for exam cheating help.

After hearing this conversation, the police immediately place a GPS tracker on Ringo’s car.  The tracker marks Ringo going to Yoko’s house on ten different times over the course of two days.  As a result of this discovery, police point a device at Yoko’s house from across the street that measures a specific stress hormone associated with illegal activity (and usually only illegal activity) that emanates off the walls of Yoko’s apartment building, in order to determine if illegal activity is happening inside.  The stress hormone levels coming from Yoko’s building are consistent with residents being worried about detection by the police.  The police do not get warrants for any of their investigative activities.

The Goldbergia police then call Yoko and ask her to come to the station.  Yoko agrees.  Upon her arrival, the police say to Yoko, “do you know why you’re here?  Tell us about the cheating ring with John, Paul, and Ringo.”  Yoko looks away quickly but says nothing.  The police then arrest Yoko, Mirandize her, and demand that she sign a form indicating that she understands her Miranda rights.  Yoko signs the form.  The police use this handwriting sample to compare it to the handwriting of one of the masterminds of the cheating ring.

John, Ringo, Yoko, and Paul are indicted for running a final exam cheating ring.  Paul’s attorney does not call any character witnesses, assuming that all of Paul’s friends are shady people.  Instead, she employs a strategy of claiming that Paul is too idealistic and just wants everyone to be happy and let it be, and is thus too insane to form the requisite mens rea to be convicted of running a cheating ring.  She adopts this strategy because there is so much evidence that Paul was running the cheating ring.

A court must make the following decisions.  Analyze what a court is likely to do, covering multiple possibilities for hard, open issues.

1. A court would like to admit the evidence of John and George’s recorded conversation against every single defendant. Which defendant or defendants, if any, will the court likely admit this evidence against.
2. A court would like to admit the evidence produced by the GPS tracker against every single defendant. Which defendant or defendants will the court likely admit this evidence against?
3. A court would like to admit the stress hormone detection evidence against every single defendant. Which defendant or defendants will the court likely admit this evidence against?
4. A court would like to admit against Yoko her looking away, and her silence, during police questioning. Will a court likely allow this evidence to come in against Yoko?
5. A court would like to admit the handwriting sample against Yoko? What decision will it likely make?
6. What decision is a court likely to make about the representation in this case, and how will it analyze the issues?

  Continue reading “Criminal Procedure Spring 2020 Final Exam” →

An excellent student in my First Amendment class emailed me yesterday to ask whether Trump’s executive order on social media violated Twitter and Facebook’s First Amendment rights.  This is a complicated question worthy of sincere analysis.  Since the question of the executive order’s constitutionality came to me from a former student, and has not yet been resolved by the courts, I will approach it like a law school hypothetical.

The Facts:  This Tuesday, Twitter added a “fact check” label to two of the President’s tweets about mail-in ballots and voter fraud.  President Trump believes the social media platform is displaying an anti-conservative bias in labeling certain tweets as false and adding its own editorial content to only some tweets, while ignoring others that may also be misleading.  The President argues that Twitter is no longer acting as a neutral arbiter when allowing others to post content to its site.  (Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg disagreed with Twitter’s approach, noting that “I just believe strongly that Facebook shouldn’t be the arbiter of truth of everything that people say online.”)

Continue reading “Trump’s Executive Order on Social Media Platforms and the Communications Decency Act” →

The town of Goldbergia has a mayor, Ferica, who is a member of the FreeSpeech religion.  Ferica and other adherents of FreeSpeech believe that their lives should be dedicated to enhancing the search for truth through an open marketplace of ideas.

Ferica is quite popular as a mayor.  Her latest initiative involves making the town a more pluralistic and open place for civil discourse.  In 2020, for example, she and the town board passed the following legislative acts.  (1) No one is permitted, within 50 feet of a public park or on public park grounds, to tell another person to shut up or that their ideas are stupid.  (2) Residents cannot exclude guests from their dinner parties simply because they disagree about politics.  (3) Public school teachers for elementary schools must explore both sides of every issue when teaching history classes.

In addition, Ferica learns that members of an adversarial religion, the Roederers, have begun moving into Goldbergia to perpetuate their opposing religious views, that the First Amendment is a sham making all of society worse.  Ferica takes quick action and helps pass a law that (4) bans book burning, a ritualistic practice of the Roederers.  She also (5) places a monument outside city hall that is a giant number one, standing 15 feet tall, in honor of the First Amendment.

Christopher, a member of the Roederers and a public school teacher, challenges all five of these actions by the town of Goldbergia.  Go through each action, one by one.  State what challenges Christopher is likely to bring and whether the town’s actions are likely to withstand constitutional scrutiny.  Some government actions may have multiple bases for constitutional challenge; others will have one potentially valid constitutional challenge.   Assume there are no issues with standing.

Continue reading “First Amendment Final Exam” →

Today, the Supreme Court heard oral argument by telephone, live-streamed to us eager listeners, in Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants.  Because this case was about a ban on robocalls, which, as Justice Kavanaugh mentioned, everyone hates, the Justices deliberated over pure, legal puzzles with no obvious political valence.  Instead of dividing the Court on a hot-button political issue, this case will accomplish something more fundamental and legally interesting.  The Justices must decide the correct conceptual First Amendment framework to apply to cases involving a bans on the “manner” of speech (here, automated calls are prohibited) where the statute later adds a “content-based” exception (except if the call concerns a debt owed to or guaranteed by the federal government).

Before tackling the legal intrigue of the case, I want to say a word about telephonic oral arguments.  The format, where the Justices each get about two questions and answers per side before Chief Justice Roberts firmly interrupts counsel and moves to the next Justice, has some virtues.   Each Justice must grapple with the weaknesses of both sides.  The format forces them to work together, ideology aside, to answer tough legal problems instead of fighting for air time.  The telephonic oral arguments are yet another example of how technology and social isolation have combined to make people kinder and more cooperative.  Of course, argument is less lively, and it is difficult to get too much momentum on any given topic, but the Chief has an uncanny way of stopping a litigant right when the attorney has provided a semi-satisfactory answer.   Plus, as an added treat, Justice Breyer was not on the line when it was his turn to ask Respondent questions because he received another telephone call, but, as he noted, not an automated call.

Continue reading “Telephonic Oral Argument Allows Justices to Explore Neat First Amendment Puzzles” →

Until today, I had refrained from blogging about the coronavirus.  At this epidemiological moment, in the language of Ohio’s Stay at Home Order, the nuances of constitutional law doctrine did not seem “essential.”  A highly contagious, novel virus has killed over 40,000 Americans in just a few months.  Many grieving cannot have proper funerals or hug their loved ones.  Without social distancing measures, our health care system will be even more overloaded.  People are scared and alone.  Over the past few weeks, I continued teaching my students about the Establishment Clause and the Sixth Amendment’s right to counsel, but I can understand why these topics seem a bit irrelevant right now (students, if you are reading this, study hard for your finals.  Everything will matter in the end!).

However, happily and unhappily, the Constitution is always relevant.  This month, constitutional challenges were raised when cities tried to prohibit parking lot Easter services.  Currently, the issue of the constitutional rights of the protesters gathering in violation of social distancing laws – to protest those very social distancing laws – must be resolved.  In a very practical sense, we must decide whether the First Amendment’s rights of expressive association and free speech supersede social distancing and shut down orders.  And, as with any legal issue, resolution of the practical requires thinking deeply about the theoretical.  We must also contend with the nature of liberty, a term that is used reflexively yet has so many different meanings.  In this blog, I want to discuss the free speech implications of those protesting shut-down orders and also proffer my own conception of how liberty fits into these discussions, despite the urgent public health crisis we are facing.

Continue reading “Coronavirus Protesters, Free Speech, and the Nature of Liberty” →

Respond fully in essay form to the question below. 

The mayor of Goldbergia, Ferica Foldberg, wishes to promote the eating of cheese in addition to instating a city beautification project.  Ferica believes that cheese is a low-carb, enjoyable snack that is aesthetically pleasing and can cause residents of Goldbergia to be friendlier to one another, reducing crime.  Ferica convinces the Goldbergia legislature to enact the following statute:

“Every resident of Goldbergia is entitled to $1,000 off of their state income taxes, but only if they use the money to create beautiful pictures placed on their lawns highlighting the virtues of cheese.  Further, no resident of Goldbergia is permitted to place obscene signs on their lawn, depicting patently offensive sexual content, unless the obscene signs portray humans embracing the sensuality of cheese.”

Vargas, a vegan, challenges both provisions of the law as violating the First Amendment.  Do not worry about standing – just look at the statute.  What is a court likely to rule?  Proceed through the analysis the way a court would, analogizing or disanalogizing to cases on point for the more difficult, open questions.  Think about Goldbergia’s and Ferica’s best arguments when doing your analysis.

Continue reading “First Amendment Midterm” →

The state of Goldbergia has a problem with its citizens saying bizarre and inappropriate things on social media and embarrassing the governor, Ferica.  In response to this problem, the state enacts the following law.

“No resident of Goldbergia may drive over the speed of 55 miles per hour, unless that person can prove that he/she writes only appropriate posts on FB, Twitter, Instagram, and all other forms of social media.  Additionally, if anyone criticizes the governor, Ferica, that person must maintain a driving speed of 20 miles per hour on all roads.”

Roger, a resident of Goldbergia, posts the following message on FB:  “I am going to kill Ferica in her sleep.  I know her address”  He then drives 60 mph on the highway and is arrested pursuant to the new Goldbergia law.

Can Roger challenge this law?  Why or why not?

Assuming a court allows Roger to challenge the law, what are the challenges he should bring?

Answer key below:

Continue reading “Free Speech Hypo” →

I will state my thesis in the way I instruct students to state theirs —  clearly, directly, and with several subparts that connect logically:   A focus on justice-oriented teaching is ultimately harmful to students; it robs them of time to devote to higher educational priorities, it is antithetical to how legal thinking and reasoning should proceed, and it risks imposing a one-sided view of the world onto students.  I appreciate that education can never be perfectly values-neutral, but the values we should mostly be instilling are process-based values and educational values over any subjective view of right and wrong.  Different teachers will balance the goals of teaching values-neutral critical thinking skills and imparting values differently, but our current trend in legal education is, in my view, favoring teaching “justice” in a way that will ultimately be to students’ and society’s detriment.

Continue reading “Teaching Law versus Teaching Justice” →

Brian Frye and Agnes Callard both recently posted well-articulated essays defending plagiarism (Callard only “sort of” defends plagiarism).  My visceral response to both of these essays was “NO!”  Their essays have anticipated my reaction as motivated by a desire for the academic currency of accolades, recognition, gratitude, and perhaps some form of immortality.  Like any longstanding, largely accepted moral norm, the norm against plagiarism should be periodically reconsidered.

I would like to briefly add to this reconsideration by listing a few less obvious reasons for the norm.  I do not discuss the obvious (and, to me, extremely compelling) reason that plagiarism is dishonest, because without a norm against plagiarism, plagiarism would not be dishonest.  In that case, there would be no duty to disclose and no moral wrong in taking credit for one’s work.  Please feel free to add to my list — and DO cite to this blog if you build upon my reasons.

Continue reading “In Offense, Against Plagiarism” →

At the first hearing of the House Judiciary Committee’s impeachment inquiry, House Judiciary Committee Member Tom McClintock asked law professors Pamela Karlan, Noah Feldman, and Michael Gerhardt to raise their hands if they voted for President Trump.  Professor Karlan, who expertly taught my constitutional litigation class, responded that she has a right to cast a secret ballot.  House Judiciary Chairman Jerrold Nadler then told the three legal scholars that they did not have to answer, but Rep. McClintock could still press the question.  Professor Feldman rightly noted that “not raising our hands is not an indication of an answer.”

Professor Karlan appeared to be alluding to a First Amendment right not to disclose her 2016 Presidential vote, in conjunction with a fundamental right to unfettered access to voting.  If experts must disclose their votes as a condition of offering testimony before Congress, this may compromise either their ability to vote freely or their desire to give their opinions on important matters.  Arguably, however, the three legal scholars’ views on impeachment are undermined by their antipathy towards President Trump, rendering their votes relevant to their Congressional testimony.  Federal law prohibits those who voluntarily appear before Congress to refuse to answer questions pertinent to the Congressional inquiry at issue.  So, is there some sort of right not to disclose one’s vote during Congressional testimony in which one’s vote is arguably relevant to the proceedings?  Unlike many areas of First Amendment law, the answer to this question relies on a balancing test that accounts for both the importance of the information to a legitimate Congress’s inquiry and the private interests at stake.

Continue reading “Can the House Judiciary Committee Force Legal Experts to Reveal Who They Voted For?” →